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Quantum computing, from one qubit to breaking RSA

Nine interactive pages that build on each other. Start with what a qubit is, work up through gates and entanglement, and finish with the quantum algorithms that matter most to cybersecurity, along with the cryptography designed to survive them.

Foundations · 01–03 Building blocks · 04–06 Security · 07–09

RESOURCES

Dilution refrigerator for superconducting qubits Illustration of a gold-plated dilution refrigerator: five stacked cooling plates from 300 kelvin at the top to 10 millikelvin at the bottom, linked by support rods and coaxial control cables, with the qubit chip mounted at the base. 300 K top plate 4 K 800 mK still 100 mK cold plate 10 mK mixing chamber qubit chip colder than deep space
Where qubits live. Superconducting qubits sit at the bottom of a dilution refrigerator, chilled in stages to about 10 millikelvin, a hundredth of a degree above absolute zero. The cables carry microwave pulses that act as the quantum gates.